Observations are one of the sources of knowledge. They are the result of observing phenomena in the world. They are at the beginning of the observations, data, information, knowledge process as well as at the beginning of the scientific method.
There are many types of observations. the most common are shown in the following list:
- Qualitative observation – focused on descriptions and interpretations, often relying on subjective experiences and perceptions.
- Quantitative observation – focused on numerical data, measurements, and objective facts.
- Direct observation – involves observing a phenomenon or event directly with one’s own senses.
- Indirect observation – involves observing a phenomenon or event through the use of instruments or other tools.
- Structured observation – involves following a predetermined set of procedures, rules, or protocols for observing a phenomenon.
- Unstructured observation – involves a more flexible approach to observation, where the observer has the freedom to adjust their observations to the situation at hand.
- Naturalistic observation – involves observing phenomena in their natural setting without interfering or altering the situation.
- Controlled observation – involves manipulating variables or conditions to observe their effects on the phenomenon being observed.
- Participant observation – involves becoming an active participant in the phenomenon being observed.
- Non-participant observation – involves observing a phenomenon without becoming an active participant.
- Longitudinal observation – involves observing a phenomenon over an extended period of time.
- Cross-sectional observation – involves observing a phenomenon at a single point in time across a large group or population.
- Remote observation – involves observing a phenomenon from a distance, often through the use of technology.
- Self-observation – involves observing one’s own thoughts, behaviors, and emotions.